Sunday, June 13, 2010
Friday, June 11, 2010
centaurus islamabad
The Centaurus is a mixed-use development project currently under construction in Islamabad, Pakistan. The project involves over 6.59 acres of land in Islamabad's arterial corridor, called Blue Area.
The complex is designed by Atkins, whose portfolio includes the Burj Al Arab and Jumeirah Beach Hotel in Dubai, and the Bahrain World Trade Center in Bahrain. It is a project of the Pak Gulf Construction (Pvt) Ltd (PGCL) in Islamabad. Pak Gulf construction company is a joint venture between Al Tamimi (Saudi Arabia) and Sardar Builders (Pakistan).
Besides serving residential, commercial, and business purposes, the complex is intended to symbolize the growth of Pakistan, and to enable it to host international conferences and seminars in Pakistan's capital city.
The $350 million complex is planned to have a 37-story, 7 star deluxe hotel, with two 21-story residential towers, a 25-story corporate office tower, and a 5-story shopping mall, which will cover an area of 300,000 Sq ft, the mall will have a twin screen cinema and a food court.[1] The complex will have a parking lot to accommodate over 2,000 vehicles. It is designed to withstand up to 9.5 magnitude earthquakes and is scheduled to be completed in 2010.
As of 16 December 2009, 16 floors had been completed; the whole complex is expected to be completed in December 2010.
Capital Gate is a mixed use skyscraper in Abu Dhabi adjacent to the Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Centre designed with a striking lean. At 160 m (520 ft) and 35 storeys, it is one of the tallest buildings in the city and features a dramatic 18 degree incline to the west.[3] The owner and developer of Capital Gate is Abu Dhabi National Exhibitions Company. The tower is the focal point of the Capital Centre/ Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Centre master development.
World Records:
In June 2010, the Guinness Book of World Records certified Capital Gate as the “World’s furthest leaning man-made tower.”[4][5] The new record shows that the Capital Gate tower has been built to lean 18 degrees westwards; more than four times that of the world famous Leaning Tower of Pisa. Investigation and evaluation, which was made by a Guinness appointed awards committee, started in January of 2010, when the exterior was completed.
The gravitational pressure caused by the 18 degree incline is countered by the world's first "pre-cambered core"; a technique that utilizes 15,000 cubic metres of concrete reinforced with 10,000 tons of steel with the core deliberately built slightly off centre. It has straightened as the building has risen, compressing the concrete and giving it strength, and moving into (vertical) position as the weight of the floors has been added. . Capital Gate is also anchored to the Earth by 490 piles which are drilled over 30m deep.
Architecture and design:
The building has an extra-ordinary exoskeleton or “diagrid” to absorb and channel the forces created by wind and seismic pressure as well as the gradient of Capital Gate. Each and every element of the grid is unique in geometry. Capital Gate is thought to be the Middle East's first building to use a diagrid; others around the world include London's 30 St Mary Axe (Gherkin), New York's Hearst Tower and Beijing's Bird's Nest Stadium.
The Capital Gate project was able to achieve its record inclination through a special engineering breakthrough that allows floor plates to be stacked vertically up to the 12th storey and staggered over each other by between 300mm to 1400mm, which allows for the towers dramatic lean.
Capital Gate was designed by international architectural firm RMJM and was due for completion by the end of 2010. Upon completion, Capital Gate will house the 5-star Hyatt Capital Gate hotel as well as approximately 20,000sqm of premium office space. Each room is different as is each pane of façade glass and every interior angle.
Its double-glazed façade achieves greater energy efficiency with waste air being pre-cooled between the inner and outer façades, before being expelled, and the glass façade is of low emissivity and is the first time it has been used in the UAE. It keeps the building’s interior cool and eliminates glare, while maintaining transparency.
The distinctive stainless steel ‘splash’ that descends from the 19th floor, is a design element and a shading device that eliminates over 30 percent of the sun’s heat before it reaches the building. The splash also twists around the building towards the south to shield the tower as much as possible from direct sunlight. A cantilevered tea lounge overhangs the tower’s exterior, 80m above the ground, with an internal diagrid used to create a tapered, 60m high atrium. The tower’s foundation is a dense mesh of reinforced steel above 490 piles, drilled 20 - 30 meters underground.
Project time line:
September 2007- Enabling works commence
November 2007 - Pile driving starts
April 2008 - Core wall construction starts
February 2009 - Façade commences
May 2009 - Reaches 100m in height
June 2009 – Incline starts to take shape
October 2009 - Attains final height of 160m
December 2009 - Completion of exterior core structure
January 2010 - First phase of splash completed
February 2010 - Interior fit-out commences
March 2010 – Commencement of link bridge to Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Centre
April 2010 – Commencement of atrium roof
End 2010 – Expected completion of construction
Opening date – To be decided.
Thursday, June 10, 2010
Wednesday, June 9, 2010
pakistani marriage
(saeed al ismail) uncle of usman bin abdul hafeez and half brother of abdul hafeez al ismail.
USMAN RIVER (RUSSIA)
Usman (Russian: У́смань) is a river in Voronezh and Lipetsk Oblasts of Russia. It is a left tributary of the Voronezh River, and is 151 km in length, with a drainage basin of 2840 km².It was named after the famous scholar, Usman Yaqoob by Emir Khumair.
BURJ KHALIFA
Burj Khalifa (Arabic: برج خليفة "Khalifa Tower"),[8] known as Burj Dubai prior to its inauguration, is a skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, and the tallest man-made structure ever built, at 828 m (2,717 ft).[8] Construction began on 21 September 2004, with the exterior of the structure completed on 1 October 2009. The building officially opened on 4 January 2010.[1][9] The building is part of the 2 km2 (490-acre) flagship development called Downtown Dubai at the "First Interchange" along Sheikh Zayed Road, near Dubai's main business district.
The tower's architecture and engineering were performed by Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill of Chicago. Adrian Smith, who started his own firm (Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture) in 2006, was the chief architect, and Bill Baker was the chief structural engineer for the project.[10][11] The primary contractor was Samsung C&T of South Korea, who also built the Taipei 101 and Petronas Twin Towers.[12] Major subcontractors included Belgian group Besix and Arabtec from the UAE. Turner Construction Company was chosen as the construction project manager.[13] Under UAE law, the Contractor and the Engineer of Record, Hyder Consulting, is jointly and severally liable for the performance of Burj Khalifa.
The total cost for the Burj Khalifa project was about US$1.5 billion; and for the entire new "Downtown Dubai", US$20 billion.[14] Mohamed Ali Alabbar, the Chairman of Emaar Properties, speaking at the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat 8th World Congress, said in March 2009 that the price of office space at Burj Khalifa had reached US$4,000 per sq ft (over US$43,000 per m2) and that the Armani Residences, also in Burj Khalifa, were selling for US$3,500 per sq ft (over US$37,500 per m2).[15]
The project's completion coincided with a worldwide economic slump and overbuilding, and it has been described as "the latest ... in [a] string of monuments to architectural vacancy."[16] With Dubai itself mired in a deep financial crisis that forced it to seek repeated billion-dollar bailouts from its oil-rich neighbor Abu Dhabi, the opening ceremony and surprise renaming of the tower to Burj Khalifa, after UAE President Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, has been viewed by observers as an "attempt to boost confidence in Dubai by showing who is backing Dubai".
Eel Fish
Eels (Anguilliformes; pronounced /æŋˌɡwɪlɨˈfɔrmiːz/) are an order of fish, which consists of four suborders, 19 families, 110 genera and approximately 800 species. Most eels are predators. The term "eel" is also used for some other similarly shaped fish, such as electric eels and spiny eels, but these are not members of the Anguilliformes order.
DESCRIPTION:
Eels are elongated fishes, ranging in length from 5 centimetres (2.0 in) in the one-jawed eel (Monognathus ahlstromi) to 3.75 metres (12.3 ft) in the giant moray.[2] They possess no pelvic fins, and many species also lack pectoral fins. The dorsal and anal fins are fused with the caudal or tail fin, to form a single ribbon running along much of the length of the animal.[1] Most eels prefer to dwell in shallow waters or hide at the bottom layer of the ocean, sometimes in holes. These holes are called eel pits. Only members of the Anguillidae family regularly inhabit fresh water; they too return to the sea to breed. Some eels dwell in water as deep as 4,000 metres (13,000 ft). Others are active swimmers.
Eels begin life as flat and transparent larvae, called leptocephali. Eel larvae drift in the surface waters of the sea feeding on small particles called marine snow. Eel larvae then metamorphose into glass eels and then become elvers before finally seeking out the adult habitat.
BLACK HOLE
HISTORY:
The idea of a body so massive that even light could not escape was first put forward by geologist John Michell in a letter written to Henry Cavendish in 1783 to the Royal Society:
If the semi-diameter of a sphere of the same density as the Sun were to exceed that of the Sun in the proportion of 500 to 1, a body falling from an infinite height towards it would have acquired at its surface greater velocity than that of light, and consequently supposing light to be attracted by the same force in proportion to its vis inertiae, with other bodies, all light emitted from such a body would be made to return towards it by its own proper gravity.
—John Michell
In 1796, mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace promoted the same idea in the first and second editions of his book Exposition du système du Monde (it was removed from later editions).[3][4] Such "dark stars" were largely ignored in the nineteenth century, since light was then thought to be a massless wave and therefore not influenced by gravity. Unlike the modern black hole concept, the object behind the horizon[clarification needed] of a dark star is assumed to be stable against collapse.[citation needed]
HISTORY OF URDU
HISTORY:
Etymologically, Urdu is a Turkish word which means "Army encampment". There are different theories that have been proposed about the emergence of the Urdu language, but they all stand close and similar. The most prominent and established theory suggests that Urdu developed after the Muslim invasion of the Indian subcontinent by Persian and Turkic dynasties from the 11th century onwards.[20] For the first time Sultan Mahmud, the greatest ruler of the Ghaznavid empire, conquered Punjab in early 11th century. Later on, the Ghurids invaded the northern Indian subcontinent in the 12th century who were then followed by the Delhi Sultanate. Muslim armies comprised of soldiers of different origins and elasticities who spoke different languages. Interaction among these soldiers and with the locals led to the development of a new language, mutually comprehensible by all. Urdu, therefore, developed as a hybrid version of Hindustani language which borrowed extensively its vocabulary from Arabic, Persian, and Turkish languages.
Later on, during the Mughal Empire, the development of Urdu was further strengthened and started to emerge as a new language.[21] Under the reign of Shah Jahan, the term Urdu-i Mualla or Urdu-i Badshahi was employed to designate the language of Shahjahanabad.[22] Urdu scholars and poets then coined the term Rekhta (meaning scattered in Persian) to designate the Urdu language.
The official language of the Ghurids, Delhi Sultanate, the Mughal Empire, and their successor states, as well as the cultured language of poetry and literature, was Persian, while the language of religion was Arabic. Most of the Sultans and nobility in the Sultanate period were Turks from Central Asia who spoke Turkic as their mother tongue. The Mughals were also from Central Asia, they spoke Turkish as their first language; however the Mughals later adopted Persian. Persian became the preferred language of the Muslim elite of north India before the Mughals entered the scene. Babur's mother tongue was a Turkic language and he wrote exclusively in Turkish. His son and successor Humayun also spoke and wrote in this Turkic language. Muzaffar Alam, a noted scholar of Mughal and Indo-Persian history, asserts that Persian became the lingua franca of the empire under Akbar for various political and social factors due to its non-sectarian and fluid nature.[23] Urdu's vocabulary remains heavily influenced by the Persian language.[24] Since the 1800's, English started to replace Persian as the official language in India and it also contributed to influence the Urdu language. As of today, Urdu's vocabulary is strongly influenced by the English language.
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